Sebastian Tello
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Quiz 2

  1. In 2023, the New York Times published this article (all virginia.edu accounts have free access to NYT through the UVA library) about a post-pandemic learning loss. In reading, scores went from 260 out of 500 in 2019 to 256 out of 500 in 2022. Pick one of the following statements to assess the causal effect of the pandemic on reading scores.
    1. The pandemic did have an effect, because reading scores declined between pre-pandemic and post-pandemic testing.
    2. The pandemic did not have an effect, because a loss of 4 points out of 500 is negligible.
    3. The pandemic had an unclear effect, because we don’t know if a 4-point decline is meaningful or what the p-value is.
    4. The pandemic had an unclear effect, because there could be other factors contributing to declining reading scores.
      5. ‣
      Answer

      D

  2. Which of the following would not be a useful reference point for evaluating the size of the effect of the pandemic on reading scores?
    1. The average math score from 2019.
    2. The average reading score from post pandemic.
    3. The annual change in reading test scores over 2014-2019 .
    4. The minimum and maximum scores possible on the reading test.
      5. ‣
      Answer

      D

  3. Given that we are comparing before and after the pandemic (i.e. mean comparison), which of the following represents the bias term of the mean comparison?
    1. E(ReadingScorei0∣PostPandemici=1)+E(ReadingScorej0∣PostPandemicj=0)\mathbb{E}(ReadingScore_{i}^{0}|Post Pandemic_{i}=1)+\mathbb{E}(ReadingScore_{j}^{0}|Post Pandemic_{j}=0)E(ReadingScorei0​∣PostPandemici​=1)+E(ReadingScorej0​∣PostPandemicj​=0)
    2. E(ReadingScorei0∣PostPandemici=1)−E(ReadingScorej0∣PostPandemicj=0)\mathbb{E}(ReadingScore_{i}^{0}|Post Pandemic_{i}=1)-\mathbb{E}(ReadingScore_{j}^{0}|Post Pandemic_{j}=0)E(ReadingScorei0​∣PostPandemici​=1)−E(ReadingScorej0​∣PostPandemicj​=0)
    3. E(ReadingScorei0∣PostPandemici=0)−E(ReadingScorej0∣PostPandemicj=1)\mathbb{E}(ReadingScore_{i}^{0}|Post Pandemic_{i}=0)-\mathbb{E}(ReadingScore_{j}^{0}|Post Pandemic_{j}=1)E(ReadingScorei0​∣PostPandemici​=0)−E(ReadingScorej0​∣PostPandemicj​=1)
    4. E(ReadingScorei1∣PostPandemici=1)−E(ReadingScorej1∣PostPandemicj=0)\mathbb{E}(ReadingScore_{i}^{1}|Post Pandemic_{i}=1)-\mathbb{E}(ReadingScore_{j}^{1}|Post Pandemic_{j}=0)E(ReadingScorei1​∣PostPandemici​=1)−E(ReadingScorej1​∣PostPandemicj​=0)
      5. ‣
      Answer

      B

  4. In thinking solutions, one that some people proposed in after-school programs. You find a study (N=50) showing that a voluntary after-school math tutoring program improved student test scores by 8 percentage points. Why might you be skeptical of this claim?
    1. 8 percentage points is not an economically or statistically significant increase.
    2. Students who choose to attend a math tutoring program might be more motivated to study and therefore would perform better on tests even if they had not attended tutoring.
    3. The sample size is not large enough.
    4. I’m skeptical because I’ve been told to be skeptical.
      5. ‣
      Answer

      B

  5. Your friend Elisabeth stated that there are an unusually large proportion of UVA students who are from New Jersey. Which of the following best represents the statement your friend said?
    1. E[From NJ∣Attends UVA=1]−E[From NJ∣Attends UVA=0]\mathbb{E}[\text{From NJ} \mid \text{Attends UVA} = 1] - \mathbb{E}[\text{From NJ} \mid \text{Attends UVA} = 0]E[From NJ∣Attends UVA=1]−E[From NJ∣Attends UVA=0]
    2. E[Attends UVA∣From NJ=1]>E[Attends UVA∣From NJ=0]\mathbb{E}[\text{Attends UVA} \mid \text{From NJ} = 1] > \mathbb{E}[\text{Attends UVA} \mid \text{From NJ} = 0]E[Attends UVA∣From NJ=1]>E[Attends UVA∣From NJ=0]
    3. E[Attends UVA∣From NJ=1]\mathbb{E}[\text{Attends UVA} \mid \text{From NJ} = 1]E[Attends UVA∣From NJ=1]
    4. E[From NJ∣Attends UVA=1]>E[Not from NJ∣Attends UVA=1]\mathbb{E}[\text{From NJ} \mid \text{Attends UVA} = 1]> \mathbb{E}[\text{Not from NJ} \mid \text{Attends UVA=1}]E[From NJ∣Attends UVA=1]>E[Not from NJ∣Attends UVA=1]
‣
Answer

D

  1. Your enemy Nick instead said ”there are an unusually large proportion of UVA students who are from New Jersey, relative to other schools”. Which of the following best represents the statement your enemy said?
    1. E[From NJ∣Attends UVA=1]>E[From NJ∣Attends UVA=0]\mathbb{E}[\text{From NJ} \mid \text{Attends UVA} = 1] > \mathbb{E}[\text{From NJ} \mid \text{Attends UVA} = 0]E[From NJ∣Attends UVA=1]>E[From NJ∣Attends UVA=0]
    2. E[Attends UVA∣From NJ=1]>E[Attends UVA∣From NJ=0]\mathbb{E}[\text{Attends UVA} \mid \text{From NJ} = 1] > \mathbb{E}[\text{Attends UVA} \mid \text{From NJ} = 0]E[Attends UVA∣From NJ=1]>E[Attends UVA∣From NJ=0]
    3. E[Attends UVA∣From NJ=1]\mathbb{E}[\text{Attends UVA} \mid \text{From NJ} = 1]E[Attends UVA∣From NJ=1]
    4. E[From NJ∣Attends UVA=1]<E[From NJ∣Attends UVA=0]\mathbb{E}[\text{From NJ} \mid \text{Attends UVA} = 1] < \mathbb{E}[\text{From NJ} \mid \text{Attends UVA} = 0]E[From NJ∣Attends UVA=1]<E[From NJ∣Attends UVA=0]
‣
Answer

A